Abstract This study evaluated the effect of water temperature (65 °C, 75 °C, 85 °C, 95 °C) on the concentration of caffeic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinc acid and rutin in chimarrão aqueous extracts prepared from two commercial types of yerba mate: traditional and coarse ground. The chimarrão preparation simulated the homemade process. Regardless of the temperature, aqueous extracts from the coarse ground had 60% more phenolic compounds than the traditional ones. In the extracts of coarse ground yerba mate the temperature of 95 °C favored the extraction of the compounds in relation to the other temperatures. For the traditional yerba mate extracts there was no difference regarding the temperature. The chlorogenic acids content in the chimarrão extracts is significantly higher than in other foods and beverages and represent an excellent contribution for chlorogenic acids intake.

Abstract Rutin has shown promising results in reducing various human diseases. However, many plants consumed in Brazil do not have their rutin content reported in the literature yet. More than eighty plants were analyzed using aqueous (popularly known as tea) and ethanolic extraction (employed in commercial rutin purification) by liquid chromatography. Rutin was found in 47 samples when ethanol extraction was used. Echinodorus grandiflorus had the highest content (14,878.7 mg 1000 g-1), followed by Sambucus nigra, Drimys winteri and Taraxacum officinale. In aqueous infusion, Echinodorus grandiflorus, Sambucus nigra, Drimys winteri and Ruta graveolens presented the highest levels of rutin, ranging from 15.5 to 29.7 mg of rutin in 300 mL of infusion from 2 g of the plant. Echinodorus grandiflorus, Sambucus nigra, Drimys winteri, Taraxacum officinale and Ruta graveolens presented a high amount of flavonoid and might be good alternatives as ingredients in food and pharmaceuticals in order to obtain health benefits.

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop, optimize and validate a fast and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and taurine contents by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detector, using direct and indirect detection concomitantly. Multivariate statistical techniques were used as a central composite design and the simultaneous optimization method of responses of Derringer and Suich were used for optimization. The method was applied in the analysis of 73 samples of energy drinks commercialized in Brazil. The optimized method employed a capillary tube with an extended bulb of 50 µm i.d. x 72 cm total length, an electrolyte containing 16.20 mmol.L-1 of benzoic acid and 39.90 mmol.L-1 of SDS, a pH value of 7.26, + 30 kV voltage, direct detection of caffeine at 274 nm and indirect detection of taurine at 230 nm. Validation parameters have demonstrated the reliability and applicability of this method. It was found that more than 50% of the samples were out of the legal limits determined by the Brazilian government regarding the taurine content and 68 % contained caffeine below the value declared on the label. Therefore, the need for greater control concerning the composition of these drinks exists.

Total phenolic compounds (TPC) extraction from the seed and total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) extraction from the skin of “Sabará” jabuticaba were optimized with simplex lattice designs for solvent mixing, and the extraction time was optimized by univariate design. The optimum conditions for the extraction method were ethanol:water (60:40 v/v) solvent for TPC (seed) and methanol:water:acetic acid (80:20:0.5 v/v/v) solvent for TMA (skin). For both compound groups, the optimum extraction time was 30 min. The TMA yield for the skin of the “Sabará” variety was 1172.16 mg cyanidin-3-glycoside equivalents per 100 g freeze-dried sample, and for TPC in the seed, it was 86.50 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g freeze-dried sample. Both optimized extraction protocols proved to be extremely fast, simple, inexpensive and to have excellent extraction performance. The optimized protocols were compared with two other methods described in the literature and they were also applied to study the TMA contents in skin and the TPC contents in seed of five other varieties of jabuticaba, harvested in 2014 and 2015.

RESUMO O descarte incorreto de resíduos, mesmo após tratamento, pode causar impactos negativos nos corpos d’água receptores. Em especial, substâncias como nitrogênio e fósforo podem se tornar, em função de suas concentrações, tóxicas para os organismos aquáticos ou produzir condições favoráveis à proliferação de vegetação, que podem iniciar os processos de eutrofização. Leitos cultivados são sistemas de tratamento de esgoto construídos com a finalidade de imitar a estrutura das wetlands naturais, promovendo mecanismos de fitorremediação. Apesar de a Eichhornia crassipes ser uma planta invasiva causadora de problemas em rios e lagos eutrofizados, seu uso pode ser interessante em leitos cultivados, pois é uma planta ornamental, o que aumentará a aceitação do sistema de tratamento de águas residuárias, além de poder ser reutilizada no artesanato, na produção de biocombustível e na alimentação animal. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de retenção/remoção de fósforo total e nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) presentes em águas residuárias a partir de dois leitos de fluxo subsuperficial horizontal cultivados com Eichhornia crassipes, com diferença de 43 dias de cultivo entre eles, fixados a um meio suporte. As concentrações de fósforo total variaram de 4,5 a 5,1 mg.L-1 no afluente e de 3,2 a 4,4 mg.L-1 no efluente dos leitos cultivados, enquanto as concentrações de NTK variaram de 95,9 a 104,7 mg.L-1 no afluente e de 77,5 a 85,3 mg.L-1 no efluente.

ABSTRACT Improper disposal, even after treatment, of wastewater can cause negative impacts on receiving water bodies. Particularly, substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus can become, depending on their concentrations, toxic to aquatic organisms or produce favorable conditions for the proliferation of a vegetation that can start the process of eutrophication. Constructed wetlands are a wastewater treatment built to mimic the structure of natural wetlands, promoting mechanisms of phytoremediation. Despite E. crassipes be an invasive plant which causes problems in eutrophic lakes and rivers, its use may be interesting in wetlands because it is an ornamental plant, which will increase wastewater treatment system’s acceptance, and it can be reused in crafts, in biofuel production and in animal feed. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the retention/removal of total phosphorus and Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) present in wastewater by two subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland system cultivated with Eichhornia crassipes, with a difference of 43 days of cultivation, fixed to a support medium. The concentrations of total phosphorus ranged from 4.5 to 5.1 mg.L-1 in the affluent and from 3.2 to 4.4 mg.L-1 in the effluent of constructed wetlands, whereas NTK concentrations ranged from 95.9 to 104.7 mg.L-1 in the effluent, and from 77.5 to 85.3 mg.L-1 in the effluent.

As bebidas energéticas tornaram-se populares no Brasil e no mundo devido às suas propriedades estimulantes. A cafeína está presente na bebida energética com a finalidade de estimular o sistema nervoso central e intensificar a atividade cerebral. Por outro lado, a ingestão de altas doses pode causar sintomas indesejáveis como ansiedade e taquicardia. Por isso, é necessário monitorar a quantidade de cafeína adicionada às bebidas energéticas a fim de comprovar se os níveis no produto final estão de acordo com a rotulagem e dentro dos limites legais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar um método rápido, eficiente e econômico para determinação de cafeína nessas bebidas por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC). Foram analisadas sete marcas, cada uma em três lotes. O eletrólito foi preparado com 50 mmol.L-1 de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e 10 mmol.L-1 de carbonato de sódio (pH 11,0). A concentração média de cafeína variou entre 122,8 e 318,6 mg.L-1. Nenhuma das marcas apresentou níveis de cafeína acima do limite máximo permitido. Considerando-se os intervalos de confiança (95%), verificou-se que 72% das amostras possuíam teor de cafeína menor que o informado aos consumidores através dos rótulos.

Energy drinks are becoming popular in Brazil and in the world due to their stimulant properties. Caffeine is present in energy drinks with the aim of stimulating the central nervous system and intensifying brain activity. On the other hand, the ingestion of high doses of caffeine can cause undesirable symptoms such as anxiety and tachycardia. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the caffeine content added to energy drinks to guarantee that the levels in the final product are in accordance with the labeling and within the legislation limits. The goal of this work was to validate a fast, efficient, and low-cost method for the determination of caffeine in energy drinks by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A total of seven brands were analyzed, each in three lots. The electrolyte was prepared with 50 mmol.L-1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10 mmol.L-1 of sodium carbonate (pH 11.0). The mean concentration of caffeine ranged from 122.8 to 318.6 mg.L-1. None of the brands had caffeine levels above the maximum limit. Considering the interval of confidence (95%), 72% of the samples had less caffeine than the amount informed on the product label.

Degeneração cística da artéria poplítea é uma doença vascular rara, de etiologia desconhecida, na qual um cisto com conteúdo mucinoide compromete a artéria e desenvolve estenose ou oclusão do vaso. Apresentamos um caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 45 anos, admitido na emergência hospitalar, que apresentava quadro de isquemia aguda no membro inferior esquerdo. Submetido à EcoDoppler, angiorressonância magnética e angiografia pré-operatória. Realizada arterectomia com enxerto fêmoro-poplíteo infrainguinal de safena invertida. O exame patológico foi consistente com o diagnóstico de doença cística da artéria poplítea. O paciente encontra-se em acompanhamento ambulatorial e foi acometido pela doença cística no membro contralateral. Os autores descreveram os melhores métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento para a doença, discutindo se o procedimento de urgência foi o mais adequado e se haveria opções terapêuticas alternativas para o caso, além de qual seria a melhor conduta a ser realizada no membro contralateral também acometido pela doença.

Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery is a rare vascular disease of unknown etiology in which a mucin-containing cyst may compromise the artery and, because of the compression, develops stenosis or occlusion of affected artery. We report the case of a 45-year-old male with cystic adventitial disease of the left popliteal artery, after admission for an acute limb ischemia in his left leg, diagnosed non-invasively with EcoDoppler vascular dual scan, magnetic resonance angiography, angiography. Performed complete removal of the cyst with arteriectomy and venous replacement. The pathologic result ware consistent with the diagnostic of cystic adventitial disease. The patient is in ambulatory follow up and was affected by cystic disease in the contralateral limb. The authors described the best methods of diagnosis and treatment for cystic adventitial disease, discussing if the urgency procedure was the most appropriate and whether there was an alternative treatment for the case. Finally, questioning what would be the best procedure to be performed in the other limb.

Frutas e castanhas das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil foram coletadas para determinação da composição em ácidos graxos do óleo da polpa e da castanha. As espécies estudadas foram castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), mucajá (Coumarigida M.), inajá (Maximilianamaripa D.), jenipapo (Genipa Americana L.) e buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.). Os ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector por ionização em chama (GC-FID). O ácido graxo majoritário da castanha-do-pará foi o 18:3n-3 (ácido α-linolênico). A castanha do buriti apresentou aproximadamente 23 vezes mais 18:3n-3 do que a polpa. A castanha do mucajá apresentou elevados teores de 12:0 (ácido láurico) e 16:0 (ácido palmítico), enquanto a polpa do mucajá mostrou níveis significativos de 18:2n-6 (ácido linoleico). Considerando o somatório de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA), quase todas as frutas e castanhas analisadas apresentaram níveis bastante altos destes compostos. No que se refere à razão n-6/n-3, apenas a castanha-do-pará, a castanha de buriti, a polpa de inajá e a polpa de jenipapo corresponderam ao perfil desejado. Estas frutas e castanhas brasileiras podem ser de potencial interesse devido ao seu elevado valor nutritivo e teor de lipídios.

Fruits and nuts from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil were collected to determine the fatty acid profile of their oils. The species studied were Brazil (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), Mucajá (Couma rigida M.), Inajá (Maximiliana maripa D.), Jenipapo (Genipa Americana L.), and Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) nuts. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Brazil nut major fatty acid was 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid), and Buriti nut had approximately 23 times more 18:3n-3 than the pulp. Mucajá nut presented high content of 12:0 (lauric acid) and 16:0 (palmitic acid), and Mucajá pulp showed significant levels of 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid). Considering the PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) sum values, almost all fruits and nuts analyzed presented very high levels of these compounds. Regarding n-6/n-3 ratio, only Brazil Nut, Buriti Nut, Inajá pulp, and Jenipapo pulp corresponded to the desired profile. These Brazilian fruits and nuts could be of potential interest due to their high nutritive value and lipid content.

Neste trabalho, com base em Geoprocessamento e pesquisas de campo, o objetivo é identificar áreas susceptíveis à erosão na cabeceira da bacia do rio Atibaia, ou seja, as bacias dos rios Cachoeira e Atibainha a montante das barragens do Sistema Cantareira. Em relação ao relevo, além das características de declive, as áreas saturadas de água também interferem no escoamento superficial das vertentes, sendo consideradas, portanto, áreas susceptíveis à erosão. Cruzaram-se informações de relevo (declividades e áreas saturadas), uso e ocupação das terras e seus respectivos procedimentos em dois cenários: os dos anos de 1986 e 2005. Os resultados indicaram que, em 1986 e 2005, o uso e ocupação são mata nativa, pastagem e silvicultura e que está ocorrendo uma transição: pastagem e mata nativa estão sendo substituídas por silvicultura. Na área estudada, predomina o relevo ondulado médio (20 a 32,5% de declive) e as áreas de acumulação de água consistem em 25% da área total. As áreas altamente susceptíveis à erosão evoluíram no intervalo de 19 anos e a bacia do Atibainha apresentou os maiores índices. A identificação das áreas susceptíveis à erosão, utilizando série histórica, disponibiliza material que auxilia no reconhecimento da realidade da região, apresentando caminhos para ações de planejamento agroambiental.

This research work presents, based on geoprocessing and field surveys, erosion-susceptible areas in the Atibaia headwater stream watershed: Cachoeira and Atibainha upstream Cantareira System dams. In addition to slope characteristics, water-saturated areas also intervene in the surface runoff process, being considered, therefore, erosion-susceptible areas. Thus, relief information such as slope and water-saturated areas, land use in two scenarios, in 1986 and 2005, and their respective procedures, were crossed. The results indicated that in 1986 and 2005, land use was represented by native forest, pasture and forestry, with a transition: pasture and native forest are being replaced by forestry. In the studied area, medium wavy relief is predominant, i. e., 20 to 32.5% slope, and water-saturated areas represent 25% of total area. The highly erosion-susceptible areas evolved during the 19-year interval, and the Atibainha watershed presented the highest indices. The identification of erosion-susceptible areas using historical series provides data useful in assisting the recognition of the region's reality, pointing ways for agriculture-environment planning.

The use of antioxidants either to prevent or retard food's lipids oxidation was approved after inquires that verified their security within a daily intake limit. In this study, the methodology was developed and validated for the analysis of synthetic antioxidants: propylgallate (PG), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), octylgallate (OG) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in vegetables oils, margarine and hydrogenated fats by high performance liquid chromatographic. The methodology revealed itself efficient, with recovery rates above 90% for all antioxidant substances, besides good linearity in concentration range of 40-240 mg kg-1 (r = 0,999), repeatability with CV < 3,7% and limit of quantification 16.55, 10.32, 1.40, 3.76 and 9.30 mg/kg for BHT, BHA, PG, OG and TBHQ, respectively.

Dados oficiais de concentração de nutrientes e vazão do Rio Jaguari, foram utilizados na avaliação das contribuições difusas, com origem rural, às águas superficiais de uma sub-bacia do Rio Jaguari, SP. Modelos de cargas médias diárias de Ntotal e Ptotal foram gerados a partir de regressão estatística aplicada a dados de campo obtidos entre 1999 e 2002. A validação dos modelos foi feita utilizando-se dados de campo obtidos entre 1996 e 1998. O modelo mostrou que, em média, 68,2% das cargas anuais de Ntotal e 77,3% das cargas anuais de Ptotal foram transportados pela sub-bacia no período chuvoso. Partindo-se de cargas de base diárias de 1706,5 kg Ntotal e de 165,7 kg Ptotal, determinou-se que 55,1 e 69,4% das cargas anuais totais de Ntotal e Ptotal, respectivamente, transportadas pela sub-bacia, provieram de fontes difusas. As taxas de exportação de nutrientes por carga difusa, obtidas pela aplicação do modelo, foram iguais a 230 kg Ntotal km-2 ano-1 e 40 kg Ptotal km-2 ano-1. Concluiu-se que o controle das fontes difusas de Ptotal, a partir de áreas rurais, deverá diminuir as concentrações deste nutriente no Rio Jaguari.

Official water quality and flow data from Jaguari River were used to assess the diffused loads of nutrients from rural areas into surface waters. Mathematical models of mean daily loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were generated through the application of simple statistical procedures to field data collected from 1999 to 2002. The models obtained were validated with field data collected from 1996 to 1998. The application of the model showed that, on average, 68.2% of the TN annual loads and 77.3% of the TP annual loads were transported through the sub-basin during the raining season. Assuming the mean baseflow loads as 1706.5 kg TN d-1 and 165.7 kg TP d-1, the annual diffused loads obtained - primarily from rural sources - were equivalent to 55.1 and 69.4% of the total annual loads of TN and TP transported through the sub - basin, respectively. The mean export coefficients from diffused loads for TN and TP were equal to 230 and 40 kg km-2 year-1, respectively. In may be concluded that controlling the diffused loads of TP from rural areas should decrease the high concentrations observed.

Este artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados obtidos com uma investigação sobre a exploração de Sistemas de Informação (SI) e Tecnologia da Informação (TI) em 37 (trinta e sete) empresas da Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), sendo estas em sua maioria empresas privadas, que atuam no ramo de serviço, com faturamento anual médio abaixo de R$ 500.000,00. Este estudo exploratório tem por objetivo familiarizar os pesquisadores com a realidade do uso de SI/TI nesta região e permitir a construção de hipóteses sobre o tema.

This article presents the first results obtained with an investigation about the exploration of Information Systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) in 37 (thirty seven) companies of the Metropolitan Area of Recife (RMR), being these in your majority deprived companies, that they act in the service branch, with medium annual billing below R$ 500.000,00. This exploratory study has for objective to familiarize the researchers with the reality of the use of IS/IT in this area and to allow the construction of hypotheses about theme.

O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia de faixas-filtro de comprimentos de 0, 5 e 10 m na redução de atrazina em água de escoamento provinda de áreas cultivadas com milho, gerada por 4 chuvas simuladas. Na faixa-filtro utilizou-se braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) como elemento de retenção da atrazina. A diminuição dos valores mobilizados e transportados de atrazina encontrados, demonstrou a eficiência dessa faixa. A faixa de 5 m reduziu, em relação à parcela sem faixa (0 m de comprimento), nos 4 eventos de chuva simulada, um total de 73,8% da atrazina aplicada ao solo. Na de 10 m os valores foram maiores, tendo havido redução de 89,7%, a qual foi obtida a partir do aumento efetivo da infiltração da água do escoamento superficial na faixa-filtro. Quanto aos valores de concentração, não se observaram reduções efetivas, ficando evidente que a faixa vegetada pode ser eficiente na redução de substância em diluição na água, como no caso da atrazina sem provocar, no entanto, diminuição das concentrações presentes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of atrazine in runoff waters from areas cultivated with corn, utilizing 0, 5 and 10 m length vegetative filter strips. The runoff was generated by 4 simulated rains. The filter strips were cultivated with Brachiaria decumbens, which acts as an atrazine retention element. The 5 m length filter had 73,8% reduction of atrazine compared to control (without filter). The 10 m width filter had a reduction of 89,7%. These percentages of reduction were obtained due to an increase of water infiltration in the filter soil. The experiment demonstrated an efficient reduction of atrazine diluted in water, although the concentration did not suffer important reduction.

É relatado o caso de um paciente que apresentava paraparesia sensitivo-motora evolutiva, datando de um ano. As radiográficas da coluna vertebral e mielografia permitiram o diagnóstico de cisto de aracnóide extradural do canal espinal de localização torácica, que foi confirmado pelo ato cirúrgico. Os autores revisam a literatura assinalando 76 casos já publicados. São comentadas a incidência do processo patológico nos diversos grupos etários, sua localização ao longo do canal raqueano, a evolução do quadro clínico, a etiología e a fisiopatologia do crescimento do cisto, o diagnóstico, a terapêutica e o prognóstico.

The case of a pacient with thoracic arachnoideal cyst is reported. There was a neurological picture of a spinal cord compression in thoracic level with analgesia and anesthesia in T12 and L1 at left. Radiographs showed compression of the pedicles with widening of interpedicular spaces of the eight to twelfth thoracic vertebrae. The myelogram and the laminectomy confirmed the hypothesis of aracnoideal cyst. This case of extradural cyst of the spinal canal is added to the 76 previously described in the literature. The incidence, etiology, phisiopathology, clinical-picture, diagnosis, surgical treatment and prognosis are discussed.